International Journal for research in chemistry
International Journal for research in chemistry is an open access journal follows double blind peer review process with quarterly frequency. We accept research articles, review articles, short communications and thesis in field of Synthetic organic and bioorganic chemistry, Cluster Chemistry, Carbohydrate chemistry, X-Ray crystallography etc.
SYNTHESIS OF 1, 3-OXAZINE DERIVATIVES CATALYZED UNDER CERIC AMMONIUM NITRATE IN AN AQUEOUS MEDIUM
The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds has gained significant importance due to their wide range of biological and pharmaceutical applications. Among these, 1,3-oxazine derivatives represent an important class of compounds exhibiting diverse biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. In the present study, an efficient and environmentally benign method has been developed for the synthesis of 1,3-oxazine derivatives using ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as a catalyst in an aqueous medium. The reaction involves the condensation of suitable aldehydes, amines, and phenolic compounds under mild conditions, leading to the formation of 1,3-oxazine derivatives with good to excellent yields. The use of water as a green solvent and CAN as a readily available, cost-effective catalyst offers significant advantages such as reduced reaction time, operational simplicity, and minimized environmental impact. The methodology avoids the use of hazardous organic solvents and harsh reaction conditions, making it a sustainable approach in organic synthesis. The synthesized compounds were characterized using standard spectroscopic techniques such as IR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The results demonstrate that this protocol provides an efficient, eco-friendly, and scalable route for the preparation of structurally diverse 1,3-oxazine derivatives. We report that ceric ammonium nitrate mediated the synthesis of 1, 3-oxa- zine derivatives under the green method. In the reaction, 20 mol% catalysts are sufficient for the complete conversion of the reaction. The condensation reaction of b-naphthol with formaldehyde and primary amines those containing electron-donating as well as electron-withdrawing substituents under the aqueous reaction condition at ambient temperature in the presence of ceric ammonium nitre has been developed as an efficient and eco-friendly pre- cursor for the determination of 1, 3-oxazine derivatives. This approach has numerous benefits beyond conventional systems, notably ease of use, expense, reusability of the catalyst, and faster reaction times.
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METROLOGICAL CHANGES IN AMBIENT AIR QUALITY OF RARE AND DENSE AREA IN VARANASI (U.P.)
The study assessed ambient and indoor air quality at different roadside and residential locations categorized according to traffic density, housing type, and pollution intensity. The monitored pollutants included carbon oxides (COx), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and suspended particulate matter (SPM). The findings revealed significant seasonal and spatial variations in pollutant concentrations, with winter months generally exhibiting the highest levels and monsoon months the lowest. At the roadside locations, S1 rare area (Lanka and Bhojubeer) and S2 dense area (Godauliya and Lahurabeer), pollutant concentrations were strongly influenced by vehicular traffic and local environmental conditions. Roadside area (S2) recorded considerably higher concentrations of COx, NOx, SO₂, and SPM than the relatively less congested S1 location. SPM emerged as the dominant pollutant at both sites, frequently reaching very high levels during winter and post-monsoon periods. Reduced atmospheric dispersion, increased vehicular emissions, road dust resuspension, and combustion activities contributed to elevated pollution during these months. In contrast, rainfall and improved ventilation during the monsoon season significantly lowered pollutant concentrations. Indoor air quality investigations were conducted in both low-category and advanced-category houses located in narrow lanes and roadside environments. Results showed that indoor pollutant concentrations closely reflected outdoor pollution conditions, indicating a strong influence of ambient air on indoor environments. Houses situated in highly polluted areas exhibited elevated levels of COx, NOx, SO₂, and SPM throughout the year. Among all indoor environments, low-category houses located in narrow lanes generally recorded the highest pollutant concentrations. Kitchens consistently showed slightly higher concentrations of gaseous pollutants compared to living rooms, highlighting the impact of cooking-related emissions. However, living rooms often displayed elevated particulate matter levels due to infiltration of outdoor pollutants. Advanced-category houses exhibited lower pollutant concentrations than low-category houses, suggesting that improved building design, better ventilation systems, and superior construction materials can reduce indoor exposure to air pollutants. Roadside residences experienced greater indoor pollution than houses located in relatively sheltered narrow-lane environments. The influence of continuous vehicular emissions was particularly evident in elevated concentrations of COx and SPM. Advanced-category houses situated near busy roads also recorded significant pollutant loads despite their improved housing conditions, indicating that proximity to traffic sources remains a major determinant of indoor air quality.